要求关于世博会的英语四级作文和世界杯的词汇，拜谢了，明天考试， 英语四级提纲式作文写作步骤及技巧

1. The philosophies of Shanghai Expo are understanding, communication, togetherness and cooperation.

上海世博会的理念是：理解、沟通、欢聚、合作。

2. The secondary themes of Shanghai Expo are: multi-cultural integration, the promotion of city economy, technological innovation, the reconstruction of city communities, and the interaction of urban and rural sectors.

上海世博会的副主题是：城市多元文化的融合、城市经济的繁荣、城市科技的创新、城市社区的重塑、城市和乡村的互动。

3. The mascot of Shanghai Expo is "Haibao", which in Chinese means the treasure of the ocean. It's designed to resemble the Chinese character for "human", which corresponds to the theme of the Expo.

上海世博会的吉祥物名字叫“海宝”，意即“四海之宝”，以“人”为核心创意，契合上海世博会的主题。

4. The emblem of Shanghai Expo looks like the Chinese character for "world"; it is also combined with the numbers "2010" in an elegant way that resembles a celebrating family. It expresses the philosophies of Shanghai Expo: "Understanding, communication, togetherness, and cooperation."

上海世博会的会徽图案形似汉字“世”，并与数字“2010”巧妙组合，犹如一个三口之家相拥而乐，表现了家庭的和睦。表达了世博会“理解、沟通、欢聚、合作”的理念。

5. The main site of Shanghai Expo can be summarized as "one Axis and four Pavilions", these are: the Expo Axis, the China Pavilion, the Theme Pavilion, the Expo Center, and the Expo Performance Center.

上海世博会主要场地可以概括为“一轴四馆”，分别为世博轴、中国国家馆、世博主题馆、世博中心、世博演艺中心。

6. Oct 1, 2010 is the grand opening day of the China Pavilion. The Pavilion is designed to express the philosophy of China, to show the culture of the Chinese people, and to facilitate friendly international communication and improved cultural exchange between other nations and China.

2010年10月1日，为中国国家馆庆日，主要集中表达中国国家意志并展示中华民族文化形象的活动，旨在与其它国家开展友好交往和国际间文化艺术交流。

7. Shanghai Expo will be a feast of city life, a symphony of innovation and integration, and a dialogue of human civilization.

上海世博会将是探讨人类城市生活的盛会;是一曲以创新和融合为主旋律的交响乐;将成为人类文明的一次精彩对话。

8.The Expo Site spans both shores of the Huangpu River, between the Nanpu Bridge and Lupu Bridge. The Expo Site covers a total area of 5.28 square kilometers, with 3.93 sq km in Pudong and 1.35 sq km in Puxi. The area encloses 3.28 sq km.

上海世博会的举行地点在上海市中心黄浦江两岸，南浦大桥和卢浦大桥之间的滨江地区。世博园区规划用地范围为5.28平方公里，其中浦东部分为3.93平方公里，浦西部分为1.35平方公里。围栏区域范围约为3.28平方公里。

世界杯英语

field / pitch足球场

midfield中场

backfield后场

kickoff circle / center circle中圈

halfway line中线

touchline / sideline边线

goal line球门线

end line底线

penalty mark(点球)罚球点

penalty area禁区(罚球区)

goal area小禁区(球门区)

球队称谓篇

coach 教练

head coach主教练

football player足球运动员

referee裁判

lineman巡边员

captain / leader队长

forward / striker前锋

midfielder前卫

left midfielder左前卫

right midfielder右前卫

attacking midfielder攻击型前卫(前腰)

defending midfielder防守型前卫(后腰)

center forward中锋

full back后卫

center back中后卫

left back左后卫

right back右后卫

sweeper清道夫，拖后中卫

goalkeeper / goalie守门员

cheer team拉拉队

足球技术篇

kick-off 开球

bicycle kick / overhead kick倒钩球

chest-high ball半高球

corner ball / corner角球

goal kick球门球

handball手球

header头球

penalty kick点球

place kick定位球

own goal 乌龙球

hat-trick帽子戏法

free kick任意球

direct free kick直接任意球

indirect free kick间接任意球

stopping停球

chesting胸部停球

pass传球

short pass短传

long pass长传

cross pass 横传

spot pass球传到位

consecutive passes连续传球

take a pass接球

triangular pass三角传球

flank pass边线传球

lobbing pass高吊传球

volley pass凌空传球

slide tackle铲球

rolling pass / ground pass地滚球

flying header 跳起顶球

clearance kick 解围

shoot射门

close-range shot近射

long shot远射

offside越位

throw-in掷界外球

block tackle正面抢截

body check阻挡

fair charge合理冲撞

diving header鱼跃顶球

dribbling盘球，带球

clean catching(守门员)接高球

finger-tip save(守门员)托救球

offside越位

deceptive movement 假动作

break through突破

kick-out 踢出界

足球战术篇

set the pace 掌握进攻节奏

ward off an assault 击退一次攻势

break up an attack 破坏一次攻势

disorganize the defence搅乱防守

total football全攻全守足球战术

open football拉开的足球战术

off-side trap越位战术

wing play边锋战术

time wasting tactics拖延战术

4-3-3 formation433阵型

4-4-2 formation442阵型

beat the offside trap反越位成功

foul犯规

technical foul技术犯规

break loose 摆脱

control the midfield 控制中场

set a wall筑人墙

close-marking defence盯人防守

比赛方式篇

half-time interval 中场休息

round robin 循环赛

group round robin 小组循环赛

extra time 加时赛

elimination match淘汰赛

injury time伤停补时

golden goal / sudden death 金球制，突然死亡法

eighth-final 八分之一决赛

quarterfinal 四分之一决赛

semi-final半决赛

final match决赛

preliminary match预赛

one-sided game 一边倒的比赛

competition regulations比赛条例

disqualification取消比赛资格

match ban禁赛命令

doping test药检

draw / sortition 抽签

send a player off判罚出场

red card红牌

yellow card黄牌

goal球门，进球数

draw平局

goal drought进球荒

ranking排名(名次)

一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.

张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V

例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.

没有比接受教育更重要的事。

三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.(再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。)

例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

四、There is no denying that + S + V ...(不可否认的...)

例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.

不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ (全世界都知道...)

例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.

全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ (毫无疑问的...)

例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.

毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。

七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的优点是...)

例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’t create (produce) any pollution.

使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的原因是...)

例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.

我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 (如此...以致于...)

例句：So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.

时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。

十、Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be, S + V~~~ (虽然...)

例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}

虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

十一、The + ~er + S + V,

~~~the + ~er + S + V ~~~

The + more + Adj + S + V,

~~~the + more + Adj + S + V~~~(愈...愈...)

例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make.

你愈努力，你愈进步。

The more books we read, the more learned we become.

我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。

十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ (借着...，..能够..)

例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.

借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。

十三、~~~ enable + Object(受词)+ to + V (..使..能够..)

例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.

听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ (我们绝对不能...)

例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.

我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

十五、It is time + S + 过去式 (该是...的时候了)

例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.

该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

十六、Those who ~~~ (...的人...)

例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.

违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。

十七、There is no one but ~~~ (没有人不...)

例句：There is no one but longs to go to college.

没有人不渴望上大学。

十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V (不得不...)

例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.

既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。

十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 (可想而知的)

It is obvious that + 句子 (明显的)

It is apparent that + 句子 (显然的)

例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.

可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

二十、That is the reason why ~~~ (那就是...的原因)

例句：Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don’t like it.

夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。

二十一、For the past + 时间，S + 现在完成式...(过去...年来，...一直...)

例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.

过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。

二十二、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。

例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

自从他上高中，他一直很用功。

二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ (...是值得的。)

例句：It pays to help others.

帮助别人是值得的。

二十四、be based on (以...为基础)

例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.

社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

二十五、Spare no effort to + V (不遗余力的)

例句：We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。

提纲式作文是历年四、六级考试中最常见的题型。从1995年1月到1999年1月9次四级考试的作文题型都是这种形式。它要求考生根据给出的题目和提纲，确定文章的中心思想，然后紧紧围绕中心思想展开论述，表达提纲的主旨。它的优点是提纲既体现了文章的层次，又规定了各段大体的内容，为考生提供了一条思路，稍加思索、计划、整理就可成文。但缺点是如果审题不当，反而容易丢分。另外，它的限定性较大，不理解提纲所展现的内容或词汇，就会感到难以下笔。

一、写作步骤和技巧：

1写好提纲式作文的关键是认真审题和分析所给的提纲，认清题目和提纲之间的关系，然后确定文章的主题、内容以及文体。

2每一个提纲可以作为文章的一个段落层次，段落的展开围绕提纲的中心和内容，不能偏离，也不能任意增减。

3提纲只是对文章的提示和概括，不是主题句。这需要根据提纲的性质，写出完整的、体现提纲主旨的句子，使之成为主题句。然后围绕主题句进行扩展。炎炎英文培训网

4收集材料支持主题句。材料可以是事实、例证、亲身经历、名人名言、谚语警句等。应当注意的是，所选材料要与文章的主题相符，即要“扣题”。同时要具有典型性，能充分说明问题。在有多个例证的段落中，还要注意各个例证之间的连贯性。

二、审题和构思：

根据下题写一篇不少于100词的作文：

my view on job-hopping

1)有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作，因为……

2)有些人喜欢经常换工作，因为……

3)我的看法

显而易见，这是一道提纲式的作文题。可以通过以下审题和构思过程完成这篇作文：



1.分析题目和提纲可知，应该写一篇说明文，当然其中可以夹有议论。要写出“不换工作”和“换工作”的原因，然后给出自己的看法，重点是原因和看法。

2.根据提纲，文章可分3段，第1段是“喜欢从事一种工作”的原因;第2段写出“喜欢经常换工作”的原因;第3段是“我的”看法。

3.根据以上分析，可以把提纲转换为主题句如下：

some people tend to stick to their position all the time.

some people are different.they are in the habit of job-hopping.

i am not in favour of constant job-hopping.

4.以材料支持各段主题句。第1段的材料可以是：喜欢那份工作的各种原因：有发展前途、工资高等;第2段经常“跳槽”的原因：不能施展自己的才能，谋求更高的收入等。第3段也要说明原因，并总结归纳，圆满结尾。

三、参考范文：

my view on job-hopping

some people tend tostick to their positions all the time，as they think the longer one works in a particular field，the more skillful one will be at it.some have been teachers all their lives.some devote all their energy to scientific research.such people love their work and turn out to be specialists in their own fields.they are usually high achievers.

some are different.they are in the habit of job-hopping，for they always purpose what is new and stimulating.they never seem content with their present situations.they like to meetmore people，make more money and new acquaintances，so they hop from job to job.

as far as i am concerned，i am not in favour of constant job-hopping. i believe in a famous proverb，“a rolling stone gather no moss.”i want to be professionally strong.and i respect those who devote themselves to their affectionate jobs throughout